Using specific examples, compare how inflammatory and hypersensitive Essay

Using specific examples, compare how inflammatory and hypersensitive reactions to parasites can be a defence of the hosts against the parasites and also a disease problem for the hosts - Essay Example 2007] The parasites discussed here mostly refer to helminths, protozoa and arthropods. Inflammation is ‘’a protective response of the animal host caused by cell injury and tissue damage, aiming to eliminate the cause of cell injury and to wall off and remove the injured tissue.’’ [Blood et al. 2007] Cardinal signs of inflammation include the triple response – heat, redness and swelling; and also pain and loss of function. Hypersensitivity is a modified and exaggerated immune reaction of the body to a foreign antigen and is the same as allergy. [Blood et al. 2007] There are different forms of hypersensitivity, namely Type I (immediate anaphylaxis), Type II (cytotoxicity), Type III (immune complex disease) and Type IV (cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity). Understanding the dynamics of host/parasite behaviour may be an important point to start any research of any medical or veterinary intervention to boost the animals’ ability to fight back parasitic invasion. The base line however is that it is possible to achieve 100% prevention against pathogenic effects of the parasites if a little and timely immune based intervention can be applied. An organism’s body has a natural way of responding to undesirable stimuli because of exposure to pathogenic organisms (usually parasites) in the environment. The response can be inflammatory or hypersensitive depending on the causative agent and the magnitude of the effect of the invasion. Inflammation is the quick response of the organism to harmful stimuli such as parasites, damaged cells and other agents that cause irritation to the body manifested through increase in body temperature, swelling, and function loss at the affected area. On the other hand, hypersensitivity refers to the immune reaction of the body against an invading parasite or other pathogenic material. It is undesirable unlike

Scottish Traditions And Cultures

Scottish Traditions And Cultures This is my English assignment on Scotland. I am going to talk about the history of Scotland, the culture and traditions of Scotland and about the Sports in Scotland. The Culture and Sports are very close but I think they have to be explained a part. I hope you and myself learn from this assignment and have fun with reading. (As long you can have fun)The history of Scotland. The land that now forms Scotland was in the prehistory part of the continent that now forms North-America, so Scotland isnt really part of Europe but a part from Laurentia. During the last interglacial, around 130,000 and 70,000 BC, Europe was warmer than now and the Neanderthals found that there was a mild spell in Scotland around 40,000 BC so they settled in Scotland, but no traces of early humans have been found. After 40,000 BC Britain was torn apart by glaciers and Scotland wasnt inhabitable any more. After 9600 BC the ice retreated and Scotland could be inhabited again. In 8500 BC there were hunter-gatherers in Scotland and several settlements have been found and the first permanent settlements were found in around 3600 BC. In 2500 BC the Bronze Age entered Scotland and there has been found some hill forts from probably 900 BC which shows us that the people in Scotland were quite good in building settlements and monuments. Around 800 BC the Iron Age entered Scotland and till th e invasion of Roman Empire Scotland was a peaceful inhabited by Celtic tribes. This was a short summary of the prehistoric history of Scotland but no written records were found till the invasion of Scotland buy the Romans, now Im going to talk about the Roman Invasion of Scotland and what happened after that. England was invaded by Julius Caesar in 54 BC but Scotland fought more than 100 years later because Caesar couldnt get to Scotland. In AD 43 Britain was invaded again and they lost a few battles giving ground to the Romans. Agricola was the first one who attacked the people in Scotland itself and he got quite far but even though he had to let Scotland go after he didnt got re-elected for being the governor of Scotland. In 122 AD the Romans tried to protect themselves from the attacks of the Caledonians by the famous Hadrian wall. The Hadrian wall was started by governor Hadrian and ended six years later to protect them for the raiding tribes. The Romans tried to build a second wall to conquer more land called the Antonine wall but broke it off because it was unnecessary. When the Romans retreated from Britain in 407 AD Scotland of now was set in 4 parts with each part its own king and people. They were the Picts, the Scots, the Angolans and the Britons. In 563 AD Saint Columbanus, a monk, came to northern Scotland and Christianity spread rapidly. In 843 the Picts and the Scots united under king Kenneth MacAlpines reign in Alba (later Scotia). The weird thing was that the Picts just threw their culture away to take the Scots culture. The Angolans went south to England and the Britons lived in the lowlands and since 890 the Vikings lived in the western Isles and operated from there their attacks on Scotland. The next kings and queens were crowned on the stone of scone (stone of destiny) in scone. In 1034 under Duncan I his reign Scotland was united except the parts of the Vikings. In 1040 Duncan I was killed by Macbeth, who got beaten by Duncan I his son Ma lcolm III. In 1066 England was defeated by William the Conqueror and in the years after that, Malcolms son David I Scotland conquered a part of north England. After that till 1268 Scotland started to grow economically and culturally. In 1268 Alexander III died and with no follower than 3 year old Margaret, forced Scotland to crown Margaret as queen. In 1290 Margaret died and not less than 13 men said they had right at the throne. But Edward I of England called David I as king of Scotland. David I and France started an alliance against England. As response on this Scotland lost parts of the lowlands to England . In 1290 Robert I tried to recapture them and In 1320 Scotland was announced as independent country by Robert I but England didnt recognized this declaration till 1328. From 1371 till 1603 there were some conflicts with England and Scotland tried to increase their relation with France and it all happened under the reign of the Stuart family. The last Stuart king was Henry V wh o got the throne in 1603 but he made so much trouble with his lust for power that he had to flee to northern England, and caused a civil war in 1642. The civil war was won by Oliver Cromwell with his New Model Army. He called England, Ireland and Scotland as one republic without a monarchy. But in 1660 Cromwell was dead already and Charles II came on the throne. James VII followed him when he died but was set off by the parliament and Willem of Orange was called to be king of Britain with his wife Mary. James V fled to France but some of the Scottish were still faithful to James VII (the Jacobites). The Jacobites on 27 juli1968 Willems army lost a battle from the Jacobites. In 1702 Anne followed Willem as queen of Britain but the parliament was determined to keep the Stuarts of the queen. So they parliament went to Sophie of Hannover the granddaughter of James VII and they told Scotland if they accepted her they would get trading privileges. But England and Scotland had to reunite i n one parliament. In Scotland there were some riots but in 1707 the offer was accepted and Scotland wasnt a state anymore and had no parliament. Economically it was a good case for Scotland but there were still people especially highlanders who wanted the Stuarts as kings and queens. Charles Edward Stuart was a grandson of James VII and he started a war with his Jacobites against England in 1745. But in 1746 he got defeated after the battle of Culloden and had to flee to Italia. After this battle it was forbidden to wear any skirts, play bagpipes and the clans were not allowed to exist anymore. They switched from livestock-farming to sheep cultivation and potatoes were the most important food in the highlands. When the potato harvest went wrong loads of people went to America (not the VS) and the big cities for work and food. This was a period of grow in economics, literature and culture so Scotland changed in the 18th century from one of the poorest countries in Europe to a normal economically growing land. In 1999 many years later Scotland got its own parliament again. It counted 127 seats in the parliament these are the partys who got seats: 47 Scottish National Party, 46 Scottish Labour Party, 17 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, 16 Scottish Liberal Democrats, 2 Scottish Green Party, 1 independent

The Assessed Causes Of The First World War :: history

The Assessed Causes Of The First World War Long Term Causes And Arguments: In 1838, a agreement was formed to protect Belgium if attacked or invaded. Briton along with other major European powers signed this therefore dragging themselves into the First World War when Germany invaded Belgium to fight France. In 1848, Austria-Hungary under Franz Josef lost a war against France, beginning a long rivalry between the two countries. In 1860, Italy was founded which agravated Austria-Hungary as parts of ithe land had originally been owned by them. In 186, Austria-Hungary under Franz Josef lost to Prussia creating tention between Austria-Hungary and yet more countries within Europe. In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War happened. France, led by Napoleon III, lost to Wilhelm I. This loss meant Alsace-Lorraine was joined on to Germany Empire. France would never forget this and was keen for revenge. In 1875, France set up a War college â€Å"Ecole Superieure de Guerre† which implied that they were building up a strong army to attack Germany again. In 1879, the Dual Allience was formed between Germany and Austria-Hungary, although Wilhem I was afraid that it might damage relations with Russia, which had always supported Prussia. In 1881, The Emperors League was formed creating more allies for Germany and Austria-Hungary. In 1882, Italy who had been waiting to see which was the stronger empire between the two sides finally joined Germany and formed the Triple allience. In 1888, Wilhelm I died and Wilhelm II was appointed Emperior of Germany. In 1890, Germany refused to renew the Russian Reinsurance Treaty and lets Russia go off to find new allies. In 1891, Russia and France agreed to protect each other if either country was attacked(the Franco-Russian Alliance). This created more strain on Germany as the surrounding empires teamed up. In 1904, Briton became an unoffical member of the Franco-Russian allience, building up to fight Germany if attacked. In 1912, Briton and France agreed to join each others battles if it was an unprovoked attack. The Pig War: The Pig war was an attempt by Austria-Hungary to stop the Pan-Serb movement and eventually Serbia, but all that came from this was a stronger Serbia and encouragement to get revenge somehow. Serbia’s main trade was in live-stock and so in 1906 Austria-Hungary stopped the import of all Serbia’s livestock. The Pig war had begun and continued for five years with unexpected results from both Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

Compare and Contrast two poems bringing out and explaining each poet’s attitude Essay

Compare and Contrast two poems bringing out and explaining each poet’s attitude to â€Å"London†, and commenting on the differences and similarities in the way they write. In this following essay I will be comparing, contrasting and analysing two poems written in the 19th Century by two poets. The two poems that I will be analysing are called â€Å"London† and â€Å"Upon Westminster Bridge† written by William Wordsworth and William Blake. William Wordsworth was an English poet painter, born on November 28th, 1757. Blake spent the majority of his quiet life on the Southern Coast of England from 1800-1803. The exception of which was a short visit to Felpham. He died in 1827 at the age of 70. Like Blake, Wordworth was an English Romantic poet. He was born on April 7th, 1770 Wordsworth spent most of his life in the Lake District. In â€Å"London†, Blake talks about his disgust for London and how he feels a certain amount of sympathy for its inhabitants. In the first stanza Blake says â€Å"I wander thro’ each charter’d street†. This gives the implication that the city is a hug maze of streets and alleys. By using the word â€Å"wander† to describe his journey, the implication this has is that it is as though he was walking aimlessly through the city. It makes the reader see London through the eyes of Blake. Using this with the pronoun â€Å"I† makes it so much more of a personal encounter, and as the reader sees it through his eyes it is for them too. The effect that all of this has on the reader is that they feel as though Blake thought that there was no-where in London that was worthwhile visiting, showing how negative his feelings were towards the city. The word â€Å"charter’d† is repeated, this is done to remind the reader of the commercial nature of the city in the way that everything is owned. This is also emphasised on the next line of the stanza when Blake says, â€Å"where the charter’d Thames does flow†. This is implying that even the river is owned. The river can be interpreted as a symbol-life. Following a path set out for us, but only he finds depression along his way, again, showing the reader that he has lost a certain amount of faith in the city. In the same stanza he says â€Å"And mark in every face I meet†, by this he means that he is able to see the depression in the city, caused by poverty, greed among other things, all of which are effecting the rich and the poor. He repeats the word â€Å"mark† to reinforce the point that everywhere he is looking he can see symbolic â€Å"marks†. The use of the term â€Å"mark† also has another meaning, one of impurity, sins and scars, (which can be linked with comments later on in the poem). In this Blake may be using his technique of language to tell how, in his opinion, everybody in London is to blame for the condition, which it is was in. He comes from a lower middle class background; the son of a hosier and the tone of this poem expresses his awareness of the poverty around him â€Å"marks of weakness, marks of woes. By using repetition in the first stanza, Blake makes the reader feel that as he walks â€Å"thro’ each charter’d street† he is viewing images that sicken him. In the second stanza, Blake is reminding the reader how the depression is affecting â€Å"every man†. Again he uses the technique of repletion to emphasise the word â€Å"every† reinforcing the idea of collectiveness and blame for the whole city. This reminds the reader that nobody is able to escape the conditions of the depression. In this stanza Blake talks about â€Å"ever Infant’s cry of fear†. This is suggesting that the children are afraid of what they have been born into, and fearing that there is no hope whatsoever for the future. Blake goes on to talk about this when he says that they have an almost certain chance of becoming chimney sweeps or prostitutes, before the age of twelve. By describing it like this Blake succeeds in shocking and depressing the reader. It is here too that he plays on the concept of childhood innocence. By mentioning the children here he evokes the concept of innocence but it is ironic that this poem contains no innocence of it’s own, at all. This suggests to the reader how truly desperate the children are, Blake suggests and blames the citizens of London for the state that it is in. He describes, â€Å"mind forg’d manacles†. This means that the only thing that is preventing the people from living happy lives is their negative and depressive ways of thinking. In the third stanza, Blake makes reference to the â€Å"Chimney-sweeper’s cry†. At the time he wrote this poem, young children, especially young boys, were sent up chimneys to clean them. Many got trapped and died there. By reminding the reader of these conditions he makes the reader realise how horrific these events were. In this he tries to emphasise what a terrible place London was. Blake links the sweepers to the church when he says â€Å"Every black’ning Church apalls.† He is saying that the church is tainting themselves by not defending the chimney-sweepers. By involving the church in this whole affair Blake brings to sight how deep this chain of corruption went with regards to authority. The coupling of the words â€Å"church† and â€Å"apalls† also has a similar effect, as they are two contrasting words. Blake simply means that the church is no full filling its role to comfort the needy and is instead turning a blind eye on the suffering. Blake believes that the church was part of the reason London was in such a state.

Assignment- Final Paper Essay

These last five weeks in EXP 105 has really helped me learn a lot about learning in general, and also it has helped me to understand myself as a learner. If I had to explain the concept of learning to someone who has not yet taken this class, I would tell them that it is simply knowing who you are as learner and knowing what are your intentions are when it comes to learning. Intentions alone play a big part in learning because that is the ultimate goal; becoming an intentional learner. An intentional learner knows how to approach learning by developing skills to read, write, and think critically. I always felt that learning itself was a full time job, but this class changed that view by teaching me how to learn, and also what my weak and strong points were. This helps you to manage time, and learning no longer feels like it takes forever. In this class we were given a learning connections inventory (LCI). It was a short survey to help us identify our learning patterns. My LCI scores were as follows: Sequence 27, Precision 28. Technical Reasoning 20, and Confluence 17. Sequence and precision are my two use first learning patterns. I use these patterns on the regular. I am a very organized person and I like to make sure that I have all the information that is necessary before I perform a task. I use technical reasoning as needed, and then I avoid Confluence. Confluence requires a lot of creativity and that is the area I lack in the most so I try to stay away from it as much as I can. No matter how we use our learning patterns though, it always comes a time where we must use them all whether we realize it or not. Sometimes it is necessary to combine all of the learning patterns to get a full understanding of what is happening, or supposed to happen. The benefits of knowing your unique learning patterns are for one you already know how you should approach different tasks to get them done. It takes the guesswork out and saves you time to go back and finish something you did not  understand later. While learning patterns are strong tools to have in your tool box by themselves, sometimes it is necessary to have strategies to go along with them. When it comes to sequence I do not always think that a strategy is necessary because it is always important for things to be organized for them to look neat and flow smoothly when it comes too writing at least, and that is how I tried to think about every learning pattern and assignment in this class. My strategy for mu use first precision is to keep it at a minimum without being boring, less really is more sometimes. Technical reasoning will remain as it is since it is use as needed. I definitely know that my strategy for confluence was to intensify it a little more so that I can try to warm up to it and try to incorporate it into more of my assignments. The way that I took advantage of my strengths in this course was actually using them when I was completing assignments. The biggest challenge of my learning patterns was figuring out when and how to use them. It gradually got better once we discussed FITing and decoding assignments. It did not take long for me to grasp those concepts and after that everything became clear and it all made sense on hoe it all fit together. That solved the problem of the learning patterns being hard to understand when it came to using them to complete assignments in the course. I didn’t get to use the FITing concept until the end, but I wish I would have known about it earlier. I definitely plan to use it in my future courses because it makes everything easier to understand and I enjoyed doing it. I didn’t think of it as extra unnecessary work. It was more like a map to me to tell me what I should do. In the future I will also use more of the library and student resources to help me with FITing. The thing that I enjoyed the most about this class w being given the opportunity to learn about myself and who I am as a learner. I definitely feel different about learning and I plan to use everything I learned in this course in future courses. My favorite assignments to do in this class were the LCI and then the FITing and decoding assignment. To make the class a little better and more fun I think at least another variation of the LCI should be included. I had taken online courses before so all of my expectations were met. I enjoyed this class overall.

Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life †Business Research Paper (600 Level Course)

Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life – Business Research Paper (600 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life Business Research Paper(600 Level Course) According to research done at Purdue University, the more expensive a person’s pharmaceutical, the better quality of life the patient had. This happened no matter what the person’s ailment. Retail sales of prescription drugs totaled $154.5 billion in 2001; the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimate that, by the year 2010, the nation will be spending $404.5 billion annually for this purpose. Medicaid spending on prescription drugs tripled during the 1990s from $4.8 billion in 1990 to $17 billion in 1999. Pharmaceuticals have risen 7.4% more than inflation annually. According to the latest statistics available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, wholesale prices of prescription pharmaceuticals have risen over 250 percent since 1982 (in comparison to the producer price index for all commodities, which has risen 40 percent over the same time period). US consumers pay more for their pharmaceuticals because in many other developed countries, the government bargains with ‘Big Pharma’ to achieve the best prices available. Because of this, Americans are left to make up the difference. It is no surprise that many of the biggest firms in terms of net profit are pharmaceutical and bio-engineering firms. The issues involved with allowing Americans to import their drugs from Canada are that the major pharmaceutical corporations have donated extraordinary large amounts of cash to both political parties. This has allowed big pharma to turn the potential tide of mass importation. However, states with the always hungry Medicaid beast, have decided to import their drugs for government employees from Canada. The response from the Federal Government has been to substantially increase its powers that have been Constitutionally left to the states. These include, the Terry Shaivo law, the increase in federal corporate laws, the re-chartering of large banks to federal rather than state Research Papers on Cost of Pharmaceutical Needs Equals the Quality of Life - Business Research Paper (600 Level Course)Definition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of India

Acadia National Park essays

Acadia National Park essays At first, Acadia National Park was only a monument. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson named 6,000 acres Sieur de Monts National Monument. Soon, many citizens donated time and money to the park. In 1919 President Wilson signed an act changing the monument to a national park. The main reason that Acadia National Park was established was to protect the areas scenic values, the rocky coast, its islands, and the plants and wildlife. This park is unusual because it wasnt made on public lands, or bought with public funding. It was made because of the money the private citizens donated. John D Rockefeller Jr. alone built the carriage roads and bought the park more than 11,000 acres, which is about one third of the Acadia National Park has 35,000 acres of rocky seacoast, islands, forests, mountains, and lakes. Everything is open to the public to enjoy. there are over 120 miles of hiking trails. The trails range from short, sea level walks, to the extremely steep precipice trail. The trails are all connected together, so the hikers can visit a few mountains peaks in one trip. 57 miles of roads are open to bicyclists, horseback riders, and carriages. There are also 27 miles set aside for a scenic drive through Acadia has a huge history. The name Acadia was French before it turned into English and then American. Its first name was Mount Desert Island, named by the French explored, Champlain. Champlain had the first boating mishap on the rocky shoreline. He was sailing his boat near the shore when his got stuck on the rocks. Until the Civil War, This shorelines ledges and fog were hazards to sailors. Fours automatic lighthouses now run in the area of Egg Rock, Bass Harbor Head, Baker Island, and Great ...