Geographical and Cultural Overview of the US

Geographical and Cultural Overview of the US Stephanie Cheah Introduction: The USA plays a very big role in our daily lives. Everything that we do is somehow connected to the United States, from our smartphones, to the value of money in our wallets, and even the laptop this project is being typed on. In this paper, all aspects of the United States will be explored. Its physical geography, population, industry, role as a superpower, and issues that they are facing. The USA is a very prominent country not only in the areas mentioned above, but in its physical size and population. Being the third largest country in the world in land mass and the third largest country in population, the USA has a very diverse society. They are also the leaders in many aspects of our lives, practically controlling our lives across the globe. 1. The physical features of the USA The USA covers 3.806 million sq miles (9.857 million km ²). It is the third largest country in the world, after Russia and its neighbours Canada. Relief The eastern part of the USA is low and flat, excluding the Appalachian Mountains, which are low rounded highlands. The western half is much higher, with more mountain ranges running down from Alaska to Mexico. The Central Plains are gently rolling plains, and the Great Plains are slightly higher. Both combined form an important farming region for cattle and crops such as wheat, corn and soyabean. Mountains There are four major mountains in the United States: the Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, Cascade Range, and the Sierra Nevada. The Rocky Mountains: They run 3000 miles from western Canada to the state of New Mexico. They also include numerous sub ranges, such as the Wasatch, Bitterroots, Big Horn, and Front Ranges. The Appalachian Mountains: Situated in the eastern United States, they stretch from Alabama northeast across New England, and extending up to Canada. The Cascades: The Cascade Range along the West Coast of the United States extend from Canada into the US states of Washington, Oregon, and California. These mountains were formed as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and have volcanoes, including Mount St. Helens and Lassen. Sierra Nevada The Sierra Nevada mountains, located in the states of California and Nevada, are about 400 miles long. The name Sierra Nevada is Spanish for snowy mountains, because of the snow-capped peaks of the range. Many of the mountains are formed of granite, and shaped by glaciers. The tallest mountain in the United States in Mt McKinley, at 20,320 feet, in the Alaska range. Rivers There are approximately 250,000 rivers, adding up to about 3,500,000 miles (or 5,632,704km) of rivers. The Missouri (a tributary of the Mississippi River) is the longest river in the USA which is 2540 miles (4088km) long. In terms of volume, the Mississippi River is largest. Together they form the fourth longest river in the world, which is almost 7000km long. The longest undammed river is the Yellowstone river, which is 692 miles (1113km) long. Lakes The Great Lakes are the largest group of lakes in the world. Four of them are shared with Canada. 2. USA’s climate As USA has a large land mass, it has a wide range of climates. In Alaska, much of the land is tundra, and where it is not, it is cold and drier. At the south as well as Hawaii, there is tropical climate, meaning that it has warm summers and mild winters. In the south west, it is mostly desert, which are made out of stony soil and low shrubs. The Sonoran is the hottest, but it has cool winters. Large land masses heat up fast in summer and cool fast in winter. The further inland you go, the more drastic the temperature difference will be between summer and winter. Climate Regions There are nine climate regions in the USA: Central, East North Central, Northeast, Northwest, South, Southeast, Southwest, West and West North Central. Below is a diagram of the average temperatures: The west side of the country is the coldest, while the south is much warmer. The hottest states are in the South and East North Central. 2. Population of USA The USA has a population of approximately 324,490,000 people. There has been a fast but steady increase in the population of the USA over 25 years. This is comprised out of many diverse ethnicities which are shown in the diagrams below. Racial/Ethnic Mix Over 25 years, there has been an increase of approximately 53,000 people in the total population. The USA has seen a rise the general non-white population, with the exception of the Indian population, which has remained constant throughout the 25 years, and the â€Å"Other† category, which saw a decrease from 2005 to 2015. White remains the ethnicity with the largest population, while the Hispanic population is the second largest. For the convenience of the reader, a pie chart has been created to illustrate the above statistics. 3. Population Distribution The Eastern side of the USA is more densely populated compared to the west. However, it is rather densely populated along the west coast, as shown in the diagram above. The most densely populated cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and Philadelphia. Possible reasons to why these cities are more densely populated are: Their geographic locations make it a suitable place to trade and live comfortably. The most populous cities in the US are located near a body of water, have a (preferably) mild climate and easy access to natural resources. Water was the easiest way to transport goods before the Industrial Revolution, and it also allowed the movement of ideas. It also made it easier for immigrants to arrive there, considering their mode of transport was also water. 4. The automotive industry Henry Ford was the man who started up America’s automotive industry. Although he did not invent the motor car, he was the first to set up a factory producing low-cost cars that virtually anyone could afford. His first fatory was in Detroit, Michigan. He picked a good pace to set up his first factory. Detroit is located in an area known as the ‘manufacturing belt’. This place had lots of steel works, an abundance of workers, and a large number of nearby customers. He started with the Ford Model T, which was launched on 1 October 1908. It soon gained popularity, and sold 15 million Model Ts across the world. Mr Henry Ford was keen on globalisation as well. Within 20 years of opening his first factory, he set up plants in the UK, Canada, France, India, Germany and Australia. However, the American car industry is not experiencing the same success it did years ago. The Big Three American companies: Ford, General Motors and Chrysler, are selling less and less cars, mostly due to competition from other foreign car companies. The downfall started in the 1970s, when there were too many cars and the USA’s oil deposits were being used up and oil had to be imported. US car companies continues to lose money when Japan began to export smaller and cheaper cars to the USA. Now with even more cars on the road, it increases the air pollution and there is pressure to come up with cars that limit carbon emissions, by creating cars that run on fuel other than petrol. 5. Agriculture industry The USA is the world’s top exporter and the most productive in the history of the world. Thanks to the USA’s large land mass and range of climates, many crops are able to grow there. The two main crops grown there are wheat and corn, and rearing livestock also brings a lot of business. What makes the American farmers so productive is the fact that they have plenty of fertile flat land, which is suitable for growing crops and the usage of large machinery. Apart from this, there are large mechanised farms which often specialise in only one type of crop. They also use chemicals such as fertilisers to aid the plant’s growth. increase the yield and pesticides to protect the crops. They also lead in crop research. Through genetic modification, scientists have developed plants that can grow in a hostile environment. Lastly, the US government pays subsidies to farmers to encourage them. California is also famous for farming. It produces all types of fruit and vegetables, including grapes. Rearing cattle and selling milk is also big business, as well as growing rice and cotton. However, there is a huge debate going on about what America’s limited water should be used for. As 11% of America’s cropland depends on irrigation, it means that it takes up a lot of water. In fact, it takes up half of the USA’s water consumption. 6. The American Dream The American Dream is a belief that everyone in the USA has an equal chance to succeed regardless of their ethnicity or their background. This is what has led thousands of people over to the USA. Many people are drawn to the USA as there is not only the belief of the American Dream, but there is opportunity there. They go there for better education for their children. Most go there to find work, whether they are highly-skilled, or if they lack education and are willing to work hard and build a better life. Here is an example of an American Dream that did come true: â€Å"Ursula Burns The CEO ofXeroxfaced numerous struggles to arrive atop that company. Raised by a single mother a Panamanian immigrant in a New York City housing project, she attended parochial school and discovered an aptitude for math and figures. While she was pointed by teachers toward a traditional womans career such as nursing, she made another calculation: What high-paying work was available with the degree she knew she could get in math or science? She attended Polytechnic Institute of New York and Columbia University with that in mind.† Unfortunately, while the American Dream does come true for some, others aren’t as lucky. Thousands who arrive from their native countries migrate in the hopes of getting a better education or occupation, but the only thing they are met with is homelessness. To quote the New York Times: â€Å"Oscar was a shy 15-year-old when his parents hired a local ‘coyote’ in July 2008 to help him leave Veracruz, Mexico, and cross the border to seek work in the United States. Jorge, gregarious, bright-eyed and also 15, gathered up his 6-year-old cousin six months later and left Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in the middle of the night, to escape abuse that he said had escalated into fistfights with his father. He also planned to work and send money back to his mother. Without knowing it, both were headed toward homelessness. In that, they joined thousands of other immigrant children who have left their native country — for work, family reunification or refuge — crossed into the United States and wound up alone.† Is the American Dream just a fantasy? Or is it something that is real, and we know will definitely come to us? I find that both statements are wrong. The Dream is very much alive, but like it is, after all, still a dream. Not all dreams will come true. 7. Physical Geography of California The state of California covers a land area of 163,973 square miles and 7,734 square miles of water. California is the third largest state in the US and has over 1,200 miles of coastline. There are three major mountain ranges in California: the Klamath Mountains, Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To the south-east extreme of California is the Mojave Desert which covers over 25,000 square miles of Californian territory. Vegetation is sparse and most of the region is at an elevation of more than 2,000 feet above sea level. The Central Valley is long, flat and sheltered, and the Death Valley is the hottest part of the Mojave Desert, which can reach temperatures up to 50 °C in the summer. Most of California enjoys mild climate and equitable rainfall. The coastal regions can get rather cold in winter months. The desert regions are low on rainfall and the temperature soars up to 130 °F (54 °C). The cities of Los Angeles and San Diego have average temperatures ranging between 50 °F (10 °C)and 60 °F (15 °C) and are very pleasant. This area is also affected by the presence of many earthquake causing fault lines. The San Andreas Fault, running through California, is a major fault line. 8. Issues the USA is facing Environmental Issues Due to the USA being located where two plates meet, the west coast is prone to earthquakes and volcano eruptions. On the south east side, hurricanes often occur, as it is near to the Atlantic Ocean. Tornadoes are also a frequent occurrence, especially in spring and summer. In addition to this, droughts are common throughout the whole of the USA. This is caused by low rainfall, which also leads to wildfires. To make matters worse, people have been pumping too much water from rivers and aquifers. Social issues While the American Dream is based on the idea that everyone has an equal chance, one aspect is certainly false. According to the statistics, far more non-whites have been arrested and persecuted. Studies have shown that a non-white person (eg. Black, Hispanic) was more likely to be stopped and frisked. In New York City, 80% of the stops made were blacks and Latinos, and 85% of those people were frisked, compared to a mere 8% of white people stopped. In the year 2010, it was reported by the US Sentencing Commission that whites faced a 10% shorter sentence compared to their black counterparts. While these numbers could possibly be justified as the non-white community happening to commit more crime, it should not be that a survey in 2011 revealed that 52% of non-Hispanic whites expressed anti-Hispanic attitudes. Although one may argue that the first black president, Barack Obama, was elected in 2009, this does nothing to disguise the fact that coloured people are still facing discrimination against them. Economic Issues The US no longer produce what we need to sustain themselves. Instead, they import much more than they export. As they are not making enough profit, they take on colossal debts to maintain their high standard of living. The US does not acknowledge that other countries are undermining them. For example, China’s currency manipulation has cost the U.S. millions of jobs. Instead we encourage U.S. manufacturers to design, engineer, and produce in third world markets like Mexico and China, making the problem even worse. 9. The USA as a superpower Why is it a superpower? The United States of America is not only a powerful nation economically; it is also one in the fields of science and technology. The USA receives the highest number of immigrants per year (approximately 1 million), a leader in technology, business, movies and tertiary education. It has the highest GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the entire world, almost twice that of the next highest. However, the United States of America is a huge spender, particularly on their military. They also spend the most of the world’s military spending, almost half of the total. The USA’s powerful military contributes largely to them being a superpower. During the two World Wars, there was a struggle for power, initially with the European â€Å"great powers† such as the United Kingdom, Russians, Austria-Hungary to name a few, then to one global empire (Great Britain), Japan, and currently the United States. After World War II, two superpowers emerged: the United States and the Soviet Union. They were both so heavily armed that engaging in direct war with each other could possibly destroy our civilisation. They also have a huge influence on our modern culture. They are the leaders for entertainment such as television shows, movies, music, food, fashion and plenty other things. Almost everything we do today, from what clothes we wear, to what music we listen to, or what digital device we use is all influenced by the US. References: US Rivers EnchantedLearning.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2015. Gallagher, R., Parish, R. (2009). Geog 3 (3rd ed., pp. 52-68). Oxford: Oxford University Press. US Population by Year. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://www.multpl.com/united-states-population/table United States Mountain Ranges Map. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-maps/united-states-mountain-ranges-maps.html Economic Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/ag101/printeconomics.html Economic Problems Facing the U.S. | Economy In Crisis. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://economyincrisis.org/content/major-economic-problems-facing-united-states United States Mountain Ranges Map. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-maps/united-states-mountain-ranges-maps.html Chudyniv, B., Burnham, L. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/domestic_trends.pdf California Geography. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/california/geography.html U.S. Climate Regions. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/maps/us-climate-regions.php Knight, M. (2012, February 25). Far From Family, Alone, Homeless and Still Just 18. Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/us/of-young-immigrants-who-arrive-alone-many-end-up-homeless-in-chicago.html 11 Facts About Racial Discrimination. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-racial-discrimination Adelman, J. (2013, November 24). Why The U.S. Remains The Worlds Unchallenged Superpower. Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/11/24/why-the-u-s-remains-the-worlds-unchallenged-superpower/ Largest Countries in the World by Area. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/world-top-ten-largest-countries-in-area-map.html Why New York City keeps getting bigger Per Square Mile. (2012, January 26). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://persquaremile.com/2012/01/26/why-new-york-city-keeps-getting-bigger/

Determination of Gravitational Acceleration

Determination of Gravitational Acceleration Introduction Pendulums can be defined as a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity, commonly used to regulate various devices, especially clocks. Worth (2008) states that pendulums have been used for thousands of years. The ancient Chinese used the pendulum principle to try and help predict earthquakes. Hundreds years ago the famous Italian scientist Galileo was the first European to really study pendulums and he discovered that their regularity could be used for keeping time, leading to the first clocks. Worth (2008) goes on to explain that in 1656, the Dutch inventor and mathematician, Huygens, was the first man to successfully build an accurate clock. It was the first time pendulums were used for humans everyday life. There are four basic laws of a pendulum: Van Albert (1995) explain that firstly the time it takes for a pendulum to complete a swing is related to the square root of the length of string of the pendulum. Secondly the time it takes for the pendulum to swing is related to the square root of the gravitational acceleration. Gravitational acceleration can be defined as the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on the earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped (Wikipedia 2010). Thirdly the time it takes for the pendulum to swing is not related to the mass and material of the small ball at the end of the pendulum. Finally the time is independent of the greatest distance that a wave provided the greatest distance that a wave is small. The principles of a pendulum can be proven. This experiment is going to show the effect changing gravitational acceleration has on a pendulum, and will determine gravitational acceleration using a simple pendulum Methods Equipment of determination of gravitational acceleration using a simple pendulum A long piece of string A wooden block A small ball A one meter long ruler A protractor Vernier caliper A stop-watch This experiment is talking about determination of gravitational acceleration using a simple pendulum fig 1 was showed that the simple pendulum was used in this experiment. Procedure The long piece of string and the small ball were connected. The small ball was suspended from the wooden block with the long piece of stringÃÆ' ¯Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢such as in figure 1 The length of the long piece of string L was measured using the ruler. Then the diameter of the small ball was measured using the vernier caliper. The long piece of string was not stretched. It was measured to the centre of the small ball. The small ball was raised up about 15 degrees using the protractor, and then released so that oscillations were executed. The time it took for the pendulum to complete a swing T was measured using the stop-watch to time 50 oscillations. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated for five more values of L, and each part was done twice to verify the correct answer. Experiment 1 the length of the long piece of string was measured to 0.4 m Experiment 2 the length of the long piece of string was measured to 0.6 m Experiment 3 the length of the long piece of string was measured to 0.8 m Experiment 4 the length of the long piece of string was measured to 1.0 m Experiment 5 the length of the long piece of string was measured to 1.2 m. Result Calculation Below is a table to show the results recorded from trails 1 to 5. Experiment of determination of gravitational acceleration using a simple pendulum Trail one Trail two The time taken t for 50 oscillation The square of period T The time taken t for 50 oscillation The square of period T Experiment 1 length of string 0.4 m; 64 s 1.64 65 s 1.69 Experiment 2 length of string 0.6 m; 78.6 s 2.47 78.4 s 2.46 Experiment 3 length of string 0.8 m; 90.8 s 3.30 91 s 3.31 Experiment 4 length of string 1.0 m; 101.25 s 4.10 101.2 s 4.09 Experiment 5 length of string 1.2 m 110.7 s 4.90 110.8 s 4.91 The average time was calculated using the formula The square of period T was calculated using T times T. The information in this table can be plotted in a line graph see graph 1. The vertical axis shows that the time takenthe square of period T for 50 oscillation. The horizontal axis shows that the different lengths of the piece of string. The gradient of the line shows the gravitational acceleration. Discussion In this experiment there were controlled variables. Controlled variable can be defined as one which is not allowed to change unpredictably during an experiment Answers Corporation (2010). The first controlled variable was the number of swings. Second was the angle of the swing. The last one is mass of the bob, we all kept their same. In addition, there was one experimental variable. The experimental variable can be defined as some values in experiment we change on purpose. In my experiment, the experimental variable was the length of swings. Error is an experiment word means that mistake, especially one that causes problems or affects the result of some thing. The error can be caused when the small ball was not raised up about 15 degrees, location, the total number of oscillation are not 50. I compared with the data of my classmate, the square period T was proportional to the length of string s. All the points of the graph lie on a straight line so the conclusion is very reliable over this range. It seems likely that the same trend would continue if the string was made longer. I solve the equation and get the acceleration of gravity is 9.78m/s, its not really correct. I think the biggest problem was that the small ball was not raised up about 15 degrees; location and the total number of oscillation are not 50 Conclusion This experiment is talking about determination of gravitational acceleration using a simple pendulum. Firstly I used five steps to finish this experiment first I connected the long piece of string and the small ball. Second I Suspended The small ball from the wooden block with the long piece of stringÃÆ' ¯Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢such as in figure 1. Third I measured the length of the long piece of string L using the ruler and measured the diameter of the small ball using the vernier caliper. Forth I raised up the small ball about 15 degrees using the protractor. Fifth I unclasped the small and using the stop-watch to measure the time it took for the pendulum to complete a swing T. Secondly I made a graph to show my data about this experiment. Thirdly I used these data to calculate the value of gravitational acceleration. Finally I compared my result with my classmate to find mistake In my results, the first two purposes were proving. I measured that the gravitational acceleration is 9.78m/s, it smaller than 9.8m/s. I think one of the most important problem is the total number of oscillation are not 50. Measuring the total number of oscillation about 1.20m is easier than short lengths. Because of the speed of the length is 1.2m is lower than the speed of the length is 0.4m In addition, I think my experiment is good even have some mistake. I will carefully to measure total number of oscillation I am going to try my best to let my data much exact.

Buddha and his sermon :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hindu Kshatriya, who was warned by â€Å"Brahman soothsayers†, let his son leave home to live among the seekers of the forest. His son was Gotama Siddhartha, known to most historians as Buddha. What is said to be Buddha’s first sermon was delivered briefly after his enlightenment. The sermon contains what eventually becomes the way of life for people who follow the Buddhist religion; the four noble truths, the eightfold path, and the middle way. Since Siddhartha was so sheltered from reality, he set out on a journey to find out where he would fit in his life, and through this he became extremely enlightened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Siddhartha questioned many things on his daily adventures in the park. Why people aged, why people died, why some pursued religious beliefs, and why illness fell on certain people. He asked himself what these people have done to deserve these things. The raja did not like the fact that his son was feeling sorrow for these people. From then on he made sure that Siddhartha was surrounded with only blissful sights. The raja figured if he kept seeing these things, he would never want to become a ruler. Throughout this story it seemed as though Siddhartha lived, until this point, a very unrealistic life. (Reilly, 164)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Siddhartha’s journey he witnessed a man with a yellow robe, and no hair. The charioteer explained to him that he was a very religious man and valued everything in life. He then went home and shaved off all of his hair and wore a yellow robe. (Reilly, 171) The people were outraged that the prince took these actions, and thought it was foolish; because by doing these things did not make him religious. Siddhartha became known as Gotama the Bodhisat. All he wanted was to find a way for people to escape their sufferings and misfortunes. Siddhartha then started becoming enlightened on his journey to become religious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The real meaning of Buddhist thought involved the following; four noble truths, the eightfold path and the middle way. The four noble truths contained four statements of logic. Stating that life is sorrow, sorrow is the result of selfish desire, selfish desire can be destroyed, and it can be destroyed by following the eightfold path. The eightfold path is eight steps to a peaceful mind. The eight steps included right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

traglear King Lear as a Tragic Hero :: King Lear essays

King Lear:   A Tragic Hero  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Tragedy is defined in Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary as 1) a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man, or, 2) a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force, such as destiny, and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror.   The play of King Lear is one of William Shakespeare’s great tragic pieces, it is not only seen as a tragedy in itself, but also a play that includes two tragic heroes and four villains.   In the tragedy of King Lear: the tragic hero must not be all good or all bad, the tragic hero is deprived through errors in judgment, the use of two tragic characters intensifies the tragedy, the tragedy develops more through action than through character and the tragic heroes gain insights through suffering.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We must be able to identify ourselves with the tragic hero if he is to inspire fear, for we must feel that what happens to him could happen to us.   If Lear was completely evil, we would not be fearful of what happens to him: he would merely be repulsive.   But Lear does inspire fear because, like us, he is not completely upright, nor is he completely wicked.   He is foolish and arrogant, it is true, but later he is also humble and compassionate.   He is wrathful, but at times, patient.   Because of his good qualities, we experience pity for him and feel that he does not deserve the severity of his punishment. Lear’s actions are not occasioned by any corruption or depravity in him, but by an error in judgment, which, however, does arise from a defect of character. Lear has a tragic flaw, egotism, which is exemplified thus: â€Å"Which of you shall we say doth love us most† (I.i.52)?   It is his egotism in the first scene that causes him to make this gross error in judgment of dividing his kingdom and disinheriting Cordelia.   â€Å"Thy truth then be thy dowry! /†¦Here I disclaim all my paternal care, / Propinquity and property of blood, / And as a stranger to my heart and me / Hold thee from this forever† (I.i.115, 120-123).   Throughout the rest of the play, the consequences of these errors slowly and steadfastly increase until Lear is destroyed. There must be a change in the life of the tragic hero; he must pass from happiness to misery.

Post-conflict peacebuilding in Afghanistan

Afghanistan The aim of the following essay will be to evaluate the impact which the ISAF and peace-keeping efforts by the United Nations have had on the peacebuilding process in Afghanistan, following the US military intervention in Operation Enduring Freedom. Following two Anglo-Afghan wars, Afghanistan gained independence in 1919 and joined the League of Nations. Its example was followed by other states which gained independence from imperial domination and governance, which following the establishment of the United Nations resulted in the shaping of the contemporary geo-political order (Rubin, 2006). Afghanistan was built by the co-ordination of flows of foreign aid and when the aid flows were directed towards the sponsoring of opposing military forces, a civil war erupted, eventually leading to the collapse of the state as the flows of foreign aid were stopped (Rubin, 2002). For most of its known history, Afghanistan remained a heterogeneous and tribal state having multiple and conflicting l egal, cultural and political systems (Dupree, 2002; Simonsen, 2004). When the Soviet Union withdrew in Afghanistan in 1989, the Taliban gained supremacy within the state and the lack of consensus lead to the eruption of a civil war (Matinuddin, 1999). The period of 1992-1994 in Afghanistan was one of chaos and civil war, as the opposition factions failed to form an effective coalition government, thus leading to a civil war (Coll, 2004; Maley, 2009). In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the US and a Coalition of other states to initiate a ‘war on terror’, a result of the Taliban’s refusal to cooperate in the apprehension of Al Qaeda’s leader Bin Laden (Rubin, 2013). Following the re-capturing of the capital by the Allied forces and the dispersal of the Taliban, the foundations of Afghanistan’s re-structuring were set out in the UN Bonn Agreement (UN, 2001). In summary, it set out the path for a transition towards a western-style consti tutional democracy with significant emphasis being placed on human rights, social justice and gender equality (Nesiah, 2004). ISAF Mission Following Operation Enduring Freedom and the liberation of the capital Kabul, the UN Security council passed Resolution 1386 with which it layered the foundations of the ISAF, which was deployed initially in Kabul. The ISAF was set to operate in close cooperation with the both the UN and the Afghan government whilst working the country’s reconstruction and the training of its security personnel (ISAF, 2014). Its key participation in the reconstruction process was manifested by the establishment of Provisional Reconstruction Teams in provinces in the northern and western parts of the country (ibid.) Initially, ISAF’s mandate was constrained to providing security in the capital city, but following the UN Resolution 1510 in 2003, its mandate was expanded so as to provide security throughout the country’s territory (ISAF, 2014a). The International Security Assistance Force is representative of all NATO member state countries and over the years has been b roadened so as to include troops from non-member states such as Australia and New Zealand (ISAF, 2014b). The activities of the ISAF and its mission objective can considered in line with strategies utilised for state-building and peace-making (Rose-Ackerman, 2001). During its mandate from 2001 onwards, the ISAF has been established as the main provider of national security within the country, whilst at the same time training the newly formed Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan National Police (ANP) (ISAF, 2014). In addition to providing security on a national scale, the ISAF has been actively involved in the demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) of rogue militants, thus enabling the state to claim monopoly over violence (NATO, 2013). Until the expiry of its mandate at the end of 2014, the ISAF will continue to help the transitional state to train its own security forces as part of international efforts to ensure stability within the country and ensure that a peace ful transition from the civil war onto a more democratic pathway of governance is achieved. Evaluating ISAF Defining both ‘success’ and ‘failure’ in peacekeeping missions is a difficult task due to lack of consensus with regards to their definition (Druckman et al. 1997; Bellamy and Williams, 2005). It has also been suggested that peacekeeping is more likely to succeed in more developed states and in countries where the death toll is minimal (Fortna, 2004). If one is to use the latter framework, then all efforts in Afghanistan are likely to be in vain. More recent research has identified six factors which appear to be of significant relevance: the successful deployment of available resources, overlap of interest among key stakeholders, emphasis on continuous conflict regulation, external cooperation as well as recognising the specific environment in which the conflict has taken place (Wolff and Dursun-Ozkanca, 2012). In the case of Afghanistan however, the US-led invasion had no clear strategies for a state-building process (Ayub and Kouvo, 2008). As a result, the initial focus on the ‘war on terror’ lacked a clear direction at it failed to provide a clear division between short-term goals of pacifying the terrorist threat and the longer-term peace-building process within the country (ibid). The invasion of Afghanistan was not about promoting security bur rather reducing the spreading sense of insecurity in the US (Nesiah, 2004).The state-building process that followed had no clear goals and was characterised by competing paradigms, as well as incompatible agendas (Weinberger, 2002; Rubin, 2006; Suhrke, 2012). It can be argued that the Taliban resurgence in 2005 and consequent lack of security in the country precluded any substantial democratization effort. However, this ignores the causal relationship between the two: failure of the political process, and an incoherent US/NATO military strategy, which provided the vacuum and space necessary for the Taliban and other counter-systemic actors to establish and expand their influenc e in the country (Suhrke, 2008). Linked to the incoherent military strategy is the limited impact of the DDR process that was to strengthen the position of the ISAF (Reynolds, 2006; Saikal, 2012). The expansion of ISAF outside of Kabul also played a significant part in the escalation of the conflict (Suhrke, 2011). The escalating war ratcheted up the demand for rapid and visible results, both within Afghanistan and from domestic audiences in the contributing countries. To deliver quick and visible results, the interveners adopted measures that undermined basic precepts of state-building and by extension its contribution to peacebuilding. In order to rapidly create Afghan military capacity, for example, the international forces started rearming the militias (Lefevre, 2010). A large amount of resources were diverted towards training the ANA, whereas the lack of training for the ANP produced problems for the ISAF, mainly in terms of corruption and human rights abuses (Beljan, 2013). Th e establishment of PRTs throughout the country was seen as the solution for providing security and reconstruction at the same time (ibid.). However, their activity was characterised by lack of clear objectives, lack of a clear commanding structure and lack of resources (Sedra, 2005). This lack of coherence is not only characteristic of the PRTs themselves, but rather to the lack of a clear strategy for the operation of ISAF (Sperling and Webber, 2012), as the establishment of security needs to run parallel to economic development as part of restructuring efforts. As it was noted, the availability of resources for peacebuilding has a significant impact on the successful resolution of a violent conflict. Yet, the large flows of unconditioned aid are said to re-create the environment in which the civil war in the 1990s erupted and evolved (Goodhand and Sedra, 2007). Afghanistan is also a challenging case for the study and application of peace conditionalities, as the Bonn Agreement its elf only legitimised a ‘victor’s peace’, leaving the Taliban quite potent. Secondly, the dual nature of the process should be emphasised – building peace in a climate of ongoing war. The approach adopted by the Alliance forces, to create a security force whilst at the same time failing to provide an institution that is to be responsible for its management is yet another reflection of the prioritisation of short-term goals over peace-making and state-building in the longer term (Sedra, 2005). Although reconstruction has been a top priority and used as a political platform during the first parliamentary elections (Wilder, 2005), the international spending has emphasised security over reconstruction (Rubin, Hamidzada and Stoddard, 2003). The long-standing conflict itself has resulted in the development of a war economy (Felbab-Brown, 2005; Fielden and Goodhand, 2001) in which it is difficult for the emerging democratic state to claim monopoly over violence. F acing considerable historical and institutional constraints, the UN Assistance mission in Afghanistan, a part of which is ISAF, has found it difficult to implement its ambitious democratisation mandate (Tadjbakhsh and Schoiswohl, 2008; Saikal, 2012). In conclusion, despite ISAF has achieved some successes in the training of Afghanistan’s security forces and improving security (Beljan, 2013), it is difficult to claim to the mandate and goals which were set as its main tasks have been achieved. Over the period of reconstruction the country has been relying on foreign aid for the maintenance of its structures, it is still a fragile state on the brink of re-emerging conflict, as there is still a lack of a clear political settlement among the different interest parties in the country. Bibliography Ayub, F. and Kuovo, S. (2008). Righting the courseHumanitarian intervention, the war on terror and the future of Afghanistan. International Affairs, 84(4), 641-657. Beljan, R. (2013). Afghanistan: Lessons Learned from an ISAF Perspective. Journal Article| May, 30(2), 30am. Available at: http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/afghanistan-lessons-learned-from-an-isaf-perspective Bellamy, A. J., & Williams, P. D. (2005). Who’s keeping the peaceRegionalization and contemporary peace operations. International Security, 29(4), 157-195. Coll, S. (2004). Ghost wars: The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin. Druckman, D., Stern, P. C., Diehl, P., Fetherston, A. B., Johansen, R., Durch, W., & Ratner, S. (1997). Evaluating peacekeeping missions. Mershon International Studies Review, 151-165. Dupree, N. H. (2002). Cultural heritage and national identity in Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, 23(5), 977-989. Felbab?Brown, V. (2005). Afghanistan: when counternarcotics undermines counterterrorism. Washington Quarterly, 28(4), 55-72. Fielden, M., & Goodhand, J. (2001). Beyond the TalibanThe Afghan conflict and United Nations peacemaking. Conflict, Security & Development, 1(03), 5-32. Fortna, V. P. (2004). Does peacekeeping keep peaceInternational intervention and the duration of peace after civil war. International studies quarterly, 48(2), 269-292. Goodhand, J., & Sedra, M. (2007). Bribes or bargainsPeace conditionalities and ‘post-conflict’reconstruction in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 14(1), 41-61. ISAF (2014). Mission. Available at: http://www.isaf.nato.int/mission.html ISAF (2014a). History. Available at: http://www.isaf.nato.int/history.html ISAF (2014b) Troop Numbers and Contributions. Available at: http://www.isaf.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.php Lefevre, M. (2010). Local Defence in Afghanistan. A Review of Government-backed Initiatives. Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network. Maley, W. (2009). The Afghanistan Wars. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matinuddin, K. (1999). The Taliban Phenomenon in Afghanistan 1994-1995. Oxford: Oxford University Press. NATO (2013). ISAF’s Mission in Afghanistan. Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_69366.htm Nesiah, V. (2004). From Berlin to Bonn to Baghdad: a space for infinite justice. Harv. Hum. Rts. J., 17, 75. Reynolds, A. (2006). The curious case of Afghanistan. Journal of Democracy, 17(2), 104-117. Rose-Ackerman, S. (2001). Trust, honesty, and corruption: reflection on the state-building process. European Journal of Sociology, 42, 27-71. Rubin, B. R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan: State formation and collapse in the international system. Yale University Press. Rubin, B. R. (2006). Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?. Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 175-185. Rubin, B. R. (2013). Afghanistan from the Cold War through the War on Terror. Oxford University Press. Rubin, B. R., Hamidzada, H., & Stoddard, A. (2003). Through the Fog of Peace Building: Evaluating the Reconstruction of Afghanistan. Center on International Cooperation, New York University. Saikal, A. (2012). The UN and Afghanistan: Contentions in Democratization and Statebuilding. International Peacekeeping, 19(2), 217-234. Sedra, M. (2005). Civil-military relations in Afghanistan: The provincial reconstruction team debate. Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. Simonsen, S. G. (2004). Ethnicising Afghanistan?: inclusion and exclusion in post?Bonn institution building. Third World Quarterly, 25(4), 707-729. Sperling, J., & Webber, M. (2012). NATO’s Intervention in the Afghan Civil War. Civil Wars, 14(3), 344-372. Suhrke, A. (2008). A contradictory missionNATO from stabilization to combat in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 15(2), 214-236. Suhrke, A. (2011). When more is less: the international project in Afghanistan. New York: Columbia University Press. Suhrke, A. (2012). Waging War and Building Peace in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 19(4), 478-491. Tadjbakhsh, S., & Schoiswohl, M. (2008). Playing with fireThe international community’s democratization experiment in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 15(2), 252-267. United Nations (2001) Bonn Agreement. Available at: http://peacemaker.un.org/afghanistan-bonnagreement2001 Weinberger, N. (2002). Civil-military coordination in peacebuilding: the challenge in Afghanistan. Journal of International Affairs-Columbia University, 55(2), 245-276. Wilder, A. R. (2005). A House Divided?: Analysing the 2005 Afghan Elections. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Wolff, S., & Dursun-Ozkanca, O. (2012). Regional and International Conflict Regulation: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Interventions. Civil Wars, 14(3), 297-323.

Pollution and Poverty Essay

political knowledge on the environment claim that a flush(p) state could as well be a polluting state and affluence arsehole constitute a serious flagellum to the environment. The movement for protecting the environment commenced with a slogan of conservation and gradu exclusivelyy changed into an anti applied science movement. It opposed the activities of the g everywherenment, cover companies and the atomic industry.The impetus for the movement included some(prenominal) contrasting computes, much(prenominal) as developments in the physical sciences, which go forthed in the capacity to pick up very small amounts of chemicals the Vietnam War and the critical book on this subject by Rachel Carson, namely, Silent Spring. The movement against the use of nuclear might was stimulated by the proliferation of nuclear weapons. However this movement had exaggerated the dangers to the origination, by expressing unfounded fears over minute traces of light beam in the environmen t, caused by the nuclear energy programs (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). It is important to consider the Montreal communications protocol, which was the first ball-shaped consensus reached on prohibiting the use of current chemicals. This Protocol was inspired by the movement, which had opposed the mathematical process of supersonic aircraft for transportational needs. The operation of supersonic aircrafts restitution the stratospheric ozone layer of the cash machine. The documen diddlyshity Against Nature depicts the views of wealthy Western nation environmentalists who argue that providing help to abject nations will compel them to en biggish production, which would make the world less sustainable.Those advocates of elitism pauperism that the measly nations should continue their traditional room of life such(prenominal) as agriculture, to be powered by animals or gentlemans gentleman and non by tractors, and that energy should be produced by using cow droppings rather t han oil. These comments address the social subject of population growth. However, population growth depends on the rate of fertility, which is continuously declining in all country. Thus, population growth should not be considered as a long terminal spheric enigma (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). In the study of fisheries such a viewpoint would be incorrect, because nearly a fourth of the worlds fisheries have been over exploited. on that point is a severe depletion of fish resources all over the world. In order, to address this problem there should be adequate institutional systems to ensure property rights. This arrangement could also prove to be unendurable for the poor people who live in the coastal atomic number 18as and whose principal source of living is fishing (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). Just a century ago, cardinal elements standardized water and air were unsafe in the rich countries. For instance, there were killer whale smogs half(prenominal) a century ago. Ho wever, efforts were undertaken to pop the question better health to the public and that close was achieved. Politicians have actively involved themselves in matters relating to pulses that seek to reduce the pollution of the air, acetous rain and stratospheric ozone depletion.These areas are fully controlled by political ideology, with little or no leeway for science and frugals. For instance, in the yr 1973 there was an oil crisis ascribable to the felonious control exercised by OPEC on oil production. This was the creation of politics. thither will be no shortage of oil in the coming age, because there are quiesce unexplored deposits of heavy oil and tar sands. The earth contains vast resources of oil, which have not yet been explored. Such a measure involves a high follow factor (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). Sophistication in science results in new types of automobiles such as crisscross electric cars and provide cell technology based cars. Consumption of fossil fue ls such as coal is increasing every year and the burning of coal provides eighty percent of the energy requirements of the US. Nearly half of the electric power derives from the consumption of coal. In the US, eighty five percent of the fossil fuel reserves consist of coal. thus far if the consumption of coal continues at the accepted rate, it will be accessible for opposite two hundred and fifty years (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). Solar energy is an abundant indispensable source of energy, but producing energy from solar power is not woo effective. wholly the same, the utilization of solar energy is bit by bit on the increase. This is due to its high cost and the governments reluctance to incite its use by subsidizing it production and cut costs. Uranium based nuclear nuclear fission energy is also a renewable energy source. The drawback with this source of energy is its cost and the requirements of technological infrastructure, more(prenominal)over, the poor count ries would not be able to afford nuclear fission plants (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is on the increase. This leads to global heating plant. However, it is very embarrassing to evaluate humane contribution to the warming process, amidst lifelike temperature variations. In the period amidst 1940 and 1975 there was a thermal cooling system of the atmosphere and this phenomenon defied a proper explanation. The abridgment of satellite data has revealed that there was no global warming in the nett two decades. At this juncture, it can be stated that human contribution to the global warming process is of lesser significance.The theories, which designate global warming to human activities, do not clearly integrate various atmospheric changes and properties. The meteorological experts are in agreement with the fact that there are uncertainties in the atmospheric temperatures. Changes in the clime could be dealt with by making certain adjustments. Such adjustments are easily available to the affluent nations. little nations would have to shell much toughy, in switching over to alternative adjustments provided by the Kyoto Protocol. Natural calamities such as floods, droughts, hurricanes and earthquakes affect the poor countries more severely. The economies of the poor countries would be damaged further, with the result that the impoverished countries become much poorer There has been a prediction that the sea aim would rise if the snow caps melt due to global warming, but that is a natural process, which is not dependent on human contribution (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). The remedial actions agreed to in the Kyoto Protocol would require the US to moderate its fossil fuel consumption by thirty percent in the conterminous ten years. This would require the US to communicate more money on other energy sources and would not achieve all tangible results. The estimated cost to be incurred by the US, if it was to go in for non fossil fuel sources of energy, would be of the order of $2.3 trillion. The remedial actions provided by the Kyoto Protocol to mitigate the problem of global warming, energy rationing schemes and the adoption of stricter measures after 2012, would only serve to curtail the economic growth of the poor countries. (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251). The sophistication of science and improved living standards provide an fortune to mitigate the problem of environmental pollution. Poor people do not link up much importance to problems arising from pollution. This is because they encounter more immediate problems to be resolved. Despite, affluence being a contributory factor to pollution, nevertheless, it provides an opportunity to address such problems (SWAN, September 1972). In poor nations, basic requirement like food, water and shelter are difficult to fulfill. Only on the fulfillment of these basic needs, will there be any devotion of thought to issues beyond such immediate requirements. The rich countries are at the moment opening their factories, on a very large scale, in the poor countries. This is because the labor there is cheap and abundant, and more importantly, the laws regarding environmental pollution are open or non existent. This permits the rich nations of the world to tout ensemble ignore all caoutchouc measures in such countries, while causing inestimable damage to the environment of those countries.Such an misfortune transpired in 1984, in the city of Bhopal in India. The Union Carbide Company operated a shelling plant in that place, without paying watchfulness to safety regulations and with scant regard to the safety of the inhabitants. A large amount of methyl isocyanate gas leaked into the atmosphere, causing a large number of deaths and physical impairment. In the compositors case of the existence of uniform standards, in the linguistic context of environmental pollution, such malpractices will be curtailed. From t he foregoing discussion it is evident that it is essential to maintain the same environmental standards passim the world.ReferencesHollander, J. M. (2003. Pp. 251). The Real Environmental Crisis Why Poverty, not Affluence, Is the Environments Number unity Enemy. Berkely, California University of California Press.SWAN, J. A. (September 1972). Poverty, Prosperity, Pollution. Annals of interior(a) Medicine , Vol. 77. Iss. 3, Pp. 465 465 .

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Name SoumyaPrem Roll no 20120119150Uncertainty reduction hypothesis Charles Berger and Richard CalabreseThis scheme explains how converse is used to come down the dubiety among people when they happen each an some an different(prenominal)(prenominal) for the first time. It is assumed that when strangers meet, their primary documental is to reduce indistinctty about the other person involved in the interaction. We eer compliments to reduce the uncertainties about our purlieu and the people in it since being uncertain about anything is not a sweet feeling to have.Berger proposed that at that place ar 3 factors that influence whether people will want to work towards minify uncertainties about a certain situation.1. Anticipation of future interaction You will try to reduce uncertainties if you get there is a possibility of clashing this person again. at that placefore, you be more than probable to use disbelief reduction behavior when you meet some whiz at a party that you faculty be interested in.2. Incentive value If this person is unfastened to doing something for you or against you even, then there are higher chances of you trying to reduce uncertainties.3. difference If the person behaves oddly and shows some ludicrous characteristics, you are likely to use irresolution reduction. For example if you meet a refreshful prospective client whom you have to meet in the future and could give your companionship a new project and has a strange fascination for the colour purple, you would be interested in communicating more to fit the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle unitedly to get to know who she re altogethery is. at that place are 3 ways to look to cultivation from the other person-1. Passive strategy Observing someone without being observed2. expeditious Strategy Asking a terzetto party for more cultivation3. synergistic Strategy Obtaining teaching directly by asking questions and religious offering personal informati on about yourselfA consequence of this nookie be seen in this word picture from a very famous Hollywood movie Hitch where Will metalworkers character tries to seek more information about Sara Melas at a bar where in he uses all the strategies mentioned above for interaction. Berger proposes a series of 8 axioms to explain the connection amongst doubtfulness and eight key variables of human relationship maturement which areVerbal communication -As the count of oral communication cast ups, the level of hesitancy subsides. As incertitude decreases, the tot up of verbal communication increases.Non verbal excitement As nonverbal warmth increases, indecision levels decreases in a situation. In turn a decrease in uncertainty level will bm an increase in nonverbal warmth.Information want When uncertainty is more, the tendency to seek information increases. As uncertainty decreases, information seeking behaviour decreases.Self disclosure When uncertainty levels are high, the levels of intimacy in communication is less. As uncertainty reduces the level of intimacy increases.Reciprocity high the uncertainty, higher the reciprocity. Lower the uncertainty, lower the reciprocity.Similarity Similarities between people decreases uncertainty, while dissimilarities increases uncertainty.Liking Increase in uncertainty decreases desire and decrease in uncertainty increases like.Shared networks If there are shared out networks among the two people like ballpark friends then uncertainty is less and depravity versa.Uncertainty reduction theory in movies conglomerate the parentsMeeting someone for the first time can be a nerve racking experience for many. In this movie Greg is clash his girlfriends parents for the first time. sea dog, Pams father is overly protective of his daughter. He constantly mocks Gregs choice of channel as a nurse and makes him uncomfortable in a lot of situations with an conception to keep him away from his daughter. Greg t ries to impress jack up from time to time but nada seems to work in his favour because Jack does not show any craving towards him. Jacks verbal output, nonverbal cues and constant information seeking causes Greg to hero-worship him.Consequently, there is never a permanent interaction between Jack and Greg as there is a lot of uncertainty between them. Applications of Uncertainty Reduction theory In an expression titled Interactive Uncertainty Reduction Strategies and Verbal warmth in Computer-Mediated Communication published by Marjolijn L. Antheunis, Alexander P. Schouten, Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter, they investigated the language-based strategies that computer-mediated communication (CMC) users employ to reduce uncertainty in the absence of nonverbal cues.CMC condition had i. Higher levels of intimacy than instance to face condition ii. More core statements than face to face condition iii. There was no observed differences between text-only CMC and ocular CMC condition In another(prenominal) article titled The Acquaintanceship Process An inquiry of Uncertainty, Information Seeking, and Social Attraction during initial Conversation published by William Douglas, the relationship between uncertainty reduction, information seeking, and liking during unstructured initial interaction was studied.Analyses showed that epoch-making linear and quadratic trends in the uncertainty scores. Global uncertainty-related to uncertainty about the peculiar(prenominal) person by and by interaction and the amount of uncertainty reduction that they achieved. Uncertainty and liking were inversely correlated both in the first place and after interaction. Global uncertainty -predictive of amount of information seeking Specific uncertainty -unrelated to the frequency of both asking questions and disclosing. reexamination point of viewIt can be argued that reducing uncertainty about the self and another in an initial encounter might not be an individuals prim ary concern. A more primary goal would be to maximize relational outcomes. It is not ever so necessary to reduce uncertainties for obtaining your incentive from the other person. Also a want for information rather than lack of information is what promotes information-seeking in initial encounters with other people. Also one of the axioms states that as the level of uncertainty reduces, liking increases.This may not be inescapably true since there can be a situation where in after communicating you come to realise that the other person possesses qualities that you are not adoring of or comfortable about. In this case, there will not be an increase in liking rather there is a possibility of the opposite, i. e. a decrease in liking.Scholarly article sources http//crx. sagepub. com/content/21/2/154. abstracthttp//crx. sagepub. com/content/early/2011/06/01/0093650211410420. abstractOther sources http//www. wikipedia. org/http//wikis. lib. ncsu. edu/index. php/Uncertainty_Reduction_The oryhttp//www. youtube. com/